Predicting Factors of Surgical Mortality in Children and Adolescents Undergoing Correction of Tetralogy of Fallot

Abstract Background In tetralogy of Fallot, correction surgery is a priority choice, seeing that it is desirable to minimize pulmonary hypoflow and severe hypoxemia, which result in hypoxemic crises, with sudden worsening of cyanosis, tachypnea, and, in some cases, loss of consciousness, seizures, and even death. Objective To evaluate the predicting factors of surgical mortality in children and adolescents undergoing correction of tetralogy of Fallot. Methods Retrospective cross-sectional study carried out by consulting all surgical records of the Child and Adolescent Cardiology Service of the Brazilian National Institute of Cardiology, during the period from 2007 to 2010. Results with p values < 0.05 were considered significant. Results The study evaluated 93 medical records. In relation to the characteristics of the population at the time of surgery, the median age was 3.69 (2.13 to 5.79) years, and 58.06% (n = 54) were male. White was the most common skin color, accounting for 55.43% (n = 51) of cases. In relation to assessment of nutritional status, median weight was 13.25 (10.10 to 17.60) kg, and body mass index was 14.49 (13.44 to 16.28) kg/m2. Down syndrome was present in 11.83% (n = 11) of the patients. All patients underwent correction surgery (n = 93, 100%). Prior cyanotic crisis was found in 53.85% (n = 49) with p = 0.013; surgical procedure duration was 218.83 ± 60.63 minutes, with p = 0.003, and lactate was 1.88 ± 1.33 mg/dL during the immediate postoperative period, with p = 0.009. Regarding the outcome of surgical death, it was found in 15.05% (n = 14) of patients. Mean follow-up lasted 5.68 ± 3.76 years. Conclusions According to the factors analyzed, the duration of the surgical procedure, prior cyanotic crisis, and blood lactate level may be relevant to surgical mortality.

Clinical Outcomes and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of FFR Compared with Angiography in Multivessel Disease Patient / Impacto Clínico e Custo-Efetividade da FFR em Comparação à Angiografia em Pacientes com Doenças Multiarteriais Submetidos à ICP

Abstract Background: In multivessel disease patients with moderate stenosis, fractional flow reserve (FFR) allows the analysis of the lesions and guides treatment, and could contribute to the cost-effectiveness (CE) of non-pharmacological stents (NPS). Objectives: To evaluate CE and clinical impact of FFR-guided versus angiography-guided angioplasty (ANGIO) in multivessel patients using NPS. Methods: Multivessel disease patients were prospectively randomized to FFR or ANGIO groups during a 5 year-period and followed for < 12 months. Outcomes measures were major adverse cardiac events (MACE), restenosis and CE. Results: We studied 69 patients, 47 (68.1%) men, aged 62.0 ± 9.0 years, 34 (49.2%) in FFR group and 53 (50.7%) in ANGIO group, with stable angina or acute coronary syndrome. In FFR, there were 26 patients with biarterial disease (76.5%) and 8 (23.5%) with triarterial disease, and in ANGIO, 24 (68.6%) with biarterial and 11 (31.4%) with triarterial disease. Twelve MACEs were observed - 3 deaths: 2 (5.8%) in FFR and 1 (2.8%) in ANGIO, 9 (13.0%) angina: 4(11.7%) in FFR and 5(14.2%) in ANGIO, 6 restenosis: 2(5.8%) in FFR and 4 (11.4%) in ANGIO. Angiography detected 87(53.0%) lesions in FFR, 39(23.7%) with PCI and 48(29.3%) with medical treatment; and 77 (47.0%) lesions in ANGIO, all treated with angioplasty. Thirty-nine (33.3%) stents were registered in FFR (0.45 ± 0.50 stents/lesion) and 78 (1.05 ± 0.22 stents/lesion) in ANGIO (p = 0.0001), 51.4% greater in ANGIO than FFR. CE analysis revealed a cost of BRL 5,045.97 BRL 5,430.60 in ANGIO and FFR, respectively. The difference of effectiveness was of 1.82%. Conclusion: FFR reduced the number of lesions treated and stents, and the need for target-lesion revascularization, with a CE comparable with that of angiography.

Resumo Fundamentos: Em pacientes multiarteriais e lesões moderadas, a reserva de fluxo fracionada (FFR) avalia cada lesão e direciona o tratamento, podendo ser útil no custo-efetividade (CE) de implante de stents não farmacológicos (SNF). Objetivos: Avaliar CE e impacto clínico da angioplastia + FFR versus angioplastia + angiografia (ANGIO), em multiarteriais, utilizando SNF. Métodos: pacientes com doença multiarteriais foram randomizados prospectivamente durante ±5 anos para FFR ou ANGIO, e acompanhados por até 12 meses. Foram avaliados eventos cardíacos maiores (ECAM), reestenose e CE. Resultados: foram incluídos 69 pacientes, 47(68,1%) homens, 34(49,2%) no FFR e 35(50,7%) no ANGIO, idade 62,0 ± 9,0 anos, com angina estável e Síndrome Coronariana Aguda estabilizada. No FFR, havia 26 com doença (76,5%) biarterial e 8 (23,5%) triarterial, e no grupo ANGIO, 24(68,6%) biarteriais e 11(31,4%) triarteriais. Ocorreram 12(17,3%) ECAM - 3(4,3%) óbitos: 2(5,8%) no FFR e 1(2,8%) no ANGIO, 9(13,0%) anginas, 4(11,7%) no FFR e 5(14,2%) no ANGIO, 6 reestenoses: 2(5,8%) no FFR e 4 (11,4%) no ANGIO. Angiografia detectou 87(53,0%) lesões no FFR, 39(23,7%) com ICP e 48(29,3%) com tratamento clínico; e 77(47,0%) lesões no ANGIO, todas submetidas à angioplastia. Quanto aos stents, registrou-se 39(33,3%) (0,45 ± 0,50 stents/lesão) no FFR e 78(66,6%) (1,05 ± 0,22 stents/lesão) no ANGIO (p = 0,0001); ANGIO utilizou 51,4% a mais que o FFR. Análise de CE revelou um custo de R$5045,97 e R$5.430,60 nos grupos ANGIO e FFR, respectivamente. A diferença de efetividade foi 1,82%. Conclusões: FFR diminuiu o número de lesões tratadas e de stents e necessidade de revascularização do vaso-alvo, com CE comparável ao da angiografia.

Clinical Outcomes and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of FFR Compared with Angiography in Multivessel Disease Patient.

BACKGROUND: In multivessel disease patients with moderate stenosis, fractional flow reserve (FFR) allows the analysis of the lesions and guides treatment, and could contribute to the cost-effectiveness (CE) of non-pharmacological stents (NPS). OBJECTIVES: To evaluate CE and clinical impact of FFR-guided versus angiography-guided angioplasty (ANGIO) in multivessel patients using NPS. METHODS: Multivessel disease patients were prospectively randomized to FFR or ANGIO groups during a 5 year-period and followed for < 12 months. Outcomes measures were major adverse cardiac events (MACE), restenosis and CE. RESULTS: We studied 69 patients, 47 (68.1%) men, aged 62.0 ± 9.0 years, 34 (49.2%) in FFR group and 53 (50.7%) in ANGIO group, with stable angina or acute coronary syndrome. In FFR, there were 26 patients with biarterial disease (76.5%) and 8 (23.5%) with triarterial disease, and in ANGIO, 24 (68.6%) with biarterial and 11 (31.4%) with triarterial disease. Twelve MACEs were observed - 3 deaths: 2 (5.8%) in FFR and 1 (2.8%) in ANGIO, 9 (13.0%) angina: 4(11.7%) in FFR and 5(14.2%) in ANGIO, 6 restenosis: 2(5.8%) in FFR and 4 (11.4%) in ANGIO. Angiography detected 87(53.0%) lesions in FFR, 39(23.7%) with PCI and 48(29.3%) with medical treatment; and 77 (47.0%) lesions in ANGIO, all treated with angioplasty. Thirty-nine (33.3%) stents were registered in FFR (0.45 ± 0.50 stents/lesion) and 78 (1.05 ± 0.22 stents/lesion) in ANGIO (p = 0.0001), 51.4% greater in ANGIO than FFR. CE analysis revealed a cost of BRL 5,045.97 BRL 5,430.60 in ANGIO and FFR, respectively. The difference of effectiveness was of 1.82%. CONCLUSION: FFR reduced the number of lesions treated and stents, and the need for target-lesion revascularization, with a CE comparable with that of angiography.

Características epidemiológicas e preditores de mortalidade em pacientes maiores de 70 anos submetidos à revascularização miocárdica cirúrgica / Epidemiological characteristics and mortality predictors in patients over 70 years submitted to coronary artery bypass grafting

Fundamento: A doença arterial coronariana é a principal causa de morte no mundo, e a idade é fator de risco independente de mortalidade em pacientes submetidos à revascularização cirúrgica. Objetivo: Avaliar os fatores preditores de risco de óbito em pacientes submetidos à revascularização miocárdica com mais de 70 anos. Métodos: Trata-se de uma coorte retrospectiva de banco de dados de cirurgia cardíaca. Foi utilizada a regressão logística para avaliar os preditores independentes de óbito. Resultados: Foram 372 pacientes submetidos à revascularização cirúrgica de 2004 a 2012. O principal fator de risco cardiovascular foi a hipertensão arterial sistêmica, seguida do diabetes melito. A mortalidade em 30 dias foi de 19,35%. A presença de doença vascular periférica (OR: 2,47), cirurgia de emergência (OR: 4,86) e procedimento valvular combinado (OR: 3,86) foram os preditores independentes de óbito. Conclusão: O procedimento cirúrgico em pacientes idosos apresentou mortalidade maior que da população geral. Doença vascular periférica, cirurgia de emergência e procedimento valvular combinado aumentaram o risco de óbito nesses pacientes

Background: Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, with age being an independent risk factor for mortality in patients submitted to surgical revascularization. Objective: To evaluate the mortality risk predictors in patients older than 70 years submitted to myocardial revascularization. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study of a cardiac surgery database. Logistic regression was used to assess independent death predictors. Results: A total of 372 patients submitted to surgical revascularization from 2004 to 2012 were assessed. The main cardiovascular risk factor was hypertension, followed by diabetes mellitus. Mortality at 30 days was 19.35%. The presence of peripheral vascular disease (OR: 2,47), emergency surgery (OR: 4,86) and combined valve procedure (OR: 3,86) were independent predictors of death. Conclusion: The surgical procedure in elderly patients showed a higher mortality than in the general population. Peripheral vascular disease, emergency surgery and combined valve procedures increased the risk of death in these patients

Medium-term outcomes of 78,808 patients after heart valve surgery in a middle-income country: a nationwide population-based study.

BACKGROUND: Heart valve surgery outcomes are unknown in middle-income countries and thus cannot be used in health system decision making processes. This study estimated in-hospital mortality and medium and long-term survival. METHODS: This was a retrospective study of 78,806 patients who underwent heart valve surgery between 2001 and 2007 in Brazil. Two national databases were used, the Hospital Information System and the Mortality Information System. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and log-rank tests were performed. Maximum and median follow-up was 7.7 and 2.8 years, respectively (0.002-7.707). RESULTS: Valve replacement accounted for 69.1% of procedures performed. Mitral stenosis, the most common valve injury, represented 38.9% of the total. In 94.7% of mitral stenosis patients, aetiology was rheumatic heart disease. In-hospital mortality was 7.6% and was higher for women, for patients who had undergone concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and for the elderly. Overall survival was 69.9% at the end of follow-up. Survival was worst among elderly, male and concomitant CABG patients (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Rheumatic heart disease is still a major public health problem in Brazil. In-hospital mortality and global survival rates of patients who have undergone heart valve surgery were less satisfactory than those reported in high-income countries. The findings of this study can contribute to guiding decision making processes in middle-income countries similar to Brazil and others concerned with improving the quality of care.

Impacto da Hipertensão Pulmonar na Mortalidade Cirúrgica e na Sobrevida em Três Anos Pós-Cirurgia de Troca Valvar Aórtica / Impact of Pulmonary Hypertension on Surgical Mortality and 3-Year Survival After Aortic Valve Replacement

A hipertensão pulmonar (HP) grave contribui para significante morbidade e mortalidade, e podeaumentar o número de complicações e morte na cirurgia cardíaca. Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto da HP na mortalidade cirúrgica e na sobrevida em três anos, após cirurgia de troca valvar aórtica.Métodos: Estudo de coorte retrospectiva realizado com pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de troca valvar aórtica, demaio de 2011 a dezembro de 2012, no Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, RJ. A população estudada foi estratificadaem dois grupos, de acordo com a pressão sistólica da artéria pulmonar (PSAP) em: <45 mmHg e ≥45 mmHg. Foi utilizado o teste do qui-quadrado para a comparação entre os grupos; a mortalidade e cirúrgica foi estudada por regressão logística e a sobrevida pela curva de Kaplan-Meier e teste de log-rank; e a razão de risco pelo método de Cox. Resultados: Estudados 182 pacientes, 57,0% do sexo masculino, idade 61,0±13,0 anos, com hipertensão arterial sistêmica (72,0%), diabetes mellitus (22,0%), classe funcional pela New York Heart Association III/IV (61,1%), PSAP≥45mmHg (14,3%). A mortalidade geral foi 12,0%. A sobrevida foi maior no grupo com PSAP <45mmHg – 89,0%em um ano e 86,0% em três anos, comparado com o grupo com PSAP ≥45mmHg – 68,8% em um ano e 58,1%(35,1% a 75,4%) em três anos (p=0,0004). Conclusão: Pacientes com PSAP ≥45mmHg apresentaram maior mortalidade cirúrgica e pior sobrevida em três anos após cirurgia de troca valvar aórtica...

Background: Severe pulmonary hypertension (PH) contributes to significant morbidity and mortality and may increase the number of complications and death in heart surgery.Objective: To evaluate the impact of PH on surgical mortality and three-year survival after aortic valve replacement surgery. Methods: Retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing aortic valve replacement surgery from May 2011 to December 2012 at Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, RJ. The study population was stratified into two groups according to the systolic pulmonary artery pressure (SPAP): <45mmHg and ≥45mmHg. The chi-square test was used for comparison between groups; surgical mortality was studied by logistic regression and survival by Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test; the hazard ratio was examined using the Cox method. Results: The study included 182 patients, 57.0% were males aged 61.0±13.0 years, with systemic arterial hypertension (72.0%), diabetes mellitus (22.0%), functional class by the New York Heart Association III/IV (61.1%), SPAP ≥45mmHg (14.3%). Overallmortality rate was 12.0%. Survival rate was higher in the group with SPAP <45mmHg — 89.0% at one year and 86.0% at three year compared with the group with SPAP ≥45mmHg — 68.8% at one year and 58.1% (35.1% to 75.4%) at three years (p=0.0004). Conclusion: Patients with SPAP ≥45mmHg had higher surgical mortality and worse survival at three years after aortic valvereplacement surgery...

Evolution of Heart Failure-related Hospital Admissions and Mortality Rates: a 12-Year Analysis / Insuficiência Cardíaca: Análise de 12 Anos da Evolução em Internações Hospitalares e Mortalidade

A insuficiência cardíaca (IC) é a via final de todas as cardiopatias. Com o avanço tecnológico, asobrevida do cardiopata vem aumentando. Paralelamente observa-se o aumento da incidência da IC. Há poucosdados em relação à evolução tecnológica e seu real impacto na mortalidade desses pacientes. Objetivo: Avaliar a evolução dos índices de internações hospitalares em pacientes adultos com insuficiência cardíaca, taxa de permanência e mortalidade no Sistema Único de Saúde. Métodos: Os dados foram obtidos no DATASUS, referentes ao período de 2001 a 2012. Foram avaliados: a incidência de internações hospitalares gerais e por IC, a média de permanência, a mortalidade e o custo hospitalar, estratificados por sexo, faixa etária e local de internação hospitalar.Resultados: No período estudado ocorreram 91272037 internações hospitalares, sendo 3,96% por IC. Pacientes do sexo masculino corresponderam a 50,76%. O número absoluto de internações por IC diminuiu de 379463 em 2001 para 240 280 em 2012. A média de permanência global foi 5,8 dias em 2001 e 6,6 dias em 2012. A taxa de mortalidade esteve em ascensão, iniciando com 6,58% em 2001 e chegando a 9,5% em 2012 (aumento de 46,1%). O custo da AIH média aumentou de R$ 519,54 em 2001 para R$ 1209,56 em 2012 (aumento de 132,8%). Conclusão: Mesmo com a diminuição das internações hospitalares, a IC é uma síndrome de elevado custo para o Sistema Único de Saúde, com elevados índices de mortalidade que paradoxalmente aumentaram ao longo do tempo apesar do avanço tecnológico ocorrido...

Heart failure (HF) is the final common event of all cardiac diseases. Technological advances have allowed for significant improvement to survival rates in cardiac patients. Correspondingly, an increase in the HF incidence has been observed. Few dataare available on technological advances and their actual impact on the mortality rate of these patients. Objective: To assess the progress of hospital admission rates of adult patients with heart failure, average length of stay and mortality rate in the Brazilian SUS (Unified Health System). Methods: DATASUS data for the 2001-2012 period were obtained. An assessment was performed of data such as all-cause hospital admissions and heart failure-related admissions, average length of stay in hospital, mortality rate and hospital costs, after being stratified by sex, age and place of hospitalization. Results: Over the study period, there have been 91,272,037 hospital admissions, of which 3.96% were due to HF. Male patients accounted for 50.76%. The absolute number of HF-related hospital admissions decreased from 379,463, in 2001, to 240,280, in 2012. The average overall stay in hospital was 5.8 days, in 2001, and 6.6 days, in 2012. The mortality rate was on the rise, from 6.58%, in 2001, to 9.5%, in 2012 (a 46.1% increase). The average cost of AH increased from R$ 519.54, in 2001, to R$ 1,209.56, in 2012 (a 132.8% increase). Conclusion: Despite the decline in hospital admissions, HF is a highly costly syndrome for the Brazilian Unified Health System, with high mortality rates, which paradoxically increased over time, despite technological advances...

Seven years of use of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapies: a nationwide population-based assessment of their effectiveness in real clinical settings.

BACKGROUND: The efficacy of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) and cardiac resynchronization therapy-defibrillator (CRT-D) therapy has already been established in clinical trials but their effectiveness in several clinical settings remains undetermined. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of ICD and CRT-D therapies within the Brazilian National Health System (SUS). METHODS: All patients who underwent ICD or CRT-D implantation within the SUS from 2001 to 2007 were included in the study. We compared estimated Kaplan-Meier survival curves using the Peto's test. Prognostic factors were selected using Cox's models. RESULTS: There were included 3,295 patients in the ICD group and 681 patients in the CRT-D group. Cardiac causes accounted for 79% of all deaths in both groups and Chagas' heart disease accounted for 31% of these deaths. In the CRT-D group, survival significantly decreased around the fourth year of follow-up, with a decrease from 59.5% to 38.3% in 5.5 months. Transvenous implantation technique was used in 62% of CRT-D patients. In-hospital case-fatality rates were higher in those undergoing surgical implantation (5.3%) than those undergoing transvenous implantation (1.6%) (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: The results show that short-term, medium-term and long-term effectiveness of ICD therapy appears to be similar to that evidenced in clinical trials. In the CRT-D group, in-hospital case-fatality and 30-day case-fatality were higher than those reported in other studies. Surgical epicardial implantation technique was performed in this group at a higher frequency than that reported in the literature and was associated with poorer short-term prognosis.

Valor preditivo do escore de framingham da identificação de alto risco cardiovascular / Predictive value of the framingham risk score in identifying high cardiovascular risk

Fundamentos: A estratificação do risco cardiovascular é fundamental para uma adequada abordagem na prevenção primária. No entanto, os atuais escores de risco não apresentam acurácia satisfatória na predição de eventos cardiovasculares.Objetivo: Avaliar se os dois escores de risco recomendados pelas principais sociedades de cardiologia apresentam valor preditivo para identificar pacientes de alto risco cardiovascular já estabelecido. Métodos: Foram analisados 72 pacientes classificados como de alto risco baseado em fatores independentes, conforme recomendação da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. Na primeira consulta foram calculados o escore de Framingham e o SCORE risk para se proceder à avaliação do seu valor preditivo. Resultados: Dos 72 pacientes, 39 (53,4%) eram do sexo masculino, com média de idade de 59,0±9,5 anos, média de129,0±22 mmHg e 78,0±14 mmHg de pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica, respectivamente. Eram hipertensos 91,8%, diabéticos 46,5%, tabagistas correntes 36,9% e portadores de doença arterial coronariana 72,6%, dos quais 56,1% com infarto prévio. Dentre esses pacientes, 32 (44,4%) foram considerados de baixo risco cardiovascular, 27 (37,5%) de risco intermediário e13 (18,1%) de alto risco pelo escore de Framingham; e 26 (36,1%) pacientes foram considerados de alto risco pelo SCORE risk. Conclusão: Em uma população de alto risco, nem o escore de Framingham nem o SCORE risk foram considerados bons identificadores de pacientes de alto risco cardiovascular.

Background: Cardiovascular risk stratification is essential for an adequate approach to primary prevention. However, the current risk score shave no satisfactory accuracy in predicting cardiovascular events. Objective: To evaluate whether the two risk scores recommended by the major cardiology societies have predictive value in identifying patients with an established high cardiovascular risk. Methods: The study included 72 patients classified as high risk based on independent factors as recommended by the Brazilian Society of Cardiology. At the first appointment, the Framingham score and the SCORE risk were calculated in order to evaluate the ability to identify high-risk individuals. Results: Of 72 patients, 39 (53.4%) patients were male with a mean age of 59±9.5 years, mean 129±22mmHg and 78±14mmHg systolic and diastolic blood pressure, respectively. In the sample, 91.8% were hypertensive, 46.5% had diabetes, 36.9% were current smokers and72.6% were patients with coronary artery disease, of which 56.1% had previous myocardial infarction. Among these patients, 32 (44.4%)were considered at low cardiovascular risk, 27 (37.5%) intermediate-risk and 13 (18.1%) high-risk by the Framingham score; and 26 (36.1%) patients were considered at high risk by the SCORE risk. Conclusion: Based on the high-risk population, neither the Framingham score nor the SCORE risk were considered good identifiers of patients at high cardiovascular risk.

Caries experience in young children with congenital heart disease in a developing country

Oral care is frequently suboptimal in children from developing countries, especially those suffering from severe systemic diseases. The aim of the present study was to analyze the oral epidemiological profile of 3-to-5-year-old children with congenital heart disease. Dental and medical records of children evaluated at the Dental Service of the National Institute of Cardiology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, were reviewed. Caries experience was reported using the dmft index. Negative behavior towards dental management was recorded. The sample consisted of 144 children aged 4.41 ± 0.95 years. The mean dmft value was 5.4 ± 4.9, and 80.5% had at least one caries lesion. Dmft index was greater in the presence of cyanotic cardiac disease and in children with negative behavior. An increase in the “missing” component of the dmft index was also found in children using medicine on a daily basis. A higher caries experience was associated with children whose fathers had only an elementary education. In conclusion, children with congenital heart disease had high levels of caries experience at a young age. Cyanosis, negative behavior, daily use of medicine, one-parent family and the educational level of fathers seem to influence caries experience in children with congenital cardiac disease.

Caries experience in young children with congenital heart disease in a developing country.

Oral care is frequently suboptimal in children from developing countries, especially those suffering from severe systemic diseases. The aim of the present study was to analyze the oral epidemiological profile of 3-to-5-year-old children with congenital heart disease. Dental and medical records of children evaluated at the Dental Service of the National Institute of Cardiology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, were reviewed. Caries experience was reported using the dmft index. Negative behavior towards dental management was recorded. The sample consisted of 144 children aged 4.41 ± 0.95 years. The mean dmft value was 5.4 ± 4.9, and 80.5% had at least one caries lesion. Dmft index was greater in the presence of cyanotic cardiac disease and in children with negative behavior. An increase in the "missing" component of the dmft index was also found in children using medicine on a daily basis. A higher caries experience was associated with children whose fathers had only an elementary education. In conclusion, children with congenital heart disease had high levels of caries experience at a young age. Cyanosis, negative behavior, daily use of medicine, one-parent family and the educational level of fathers seem to influence caries experience in children with congenital cardiac disease.

Análise das metas terapêuticas na prevenção secundária de DAC após CRM / Analysis of treatment goals in secondary prevention of CAD after CABG

Fundamentos: O controle dos fatores de risco cardiovascular em pacientes com doença arterial coronariana (DAC) é um grande desafio, principalmente nos pacientes mais graves nos quais as metas terapêuticas são mais rigorosas.Objetivo: Analisar a obtenção das metas terapêuticas e a prescrição das medicações nos pacientes portadores deDAC após revascularização miocárdica (CRM). Métodos: Analisados os prontuários de 68 pacientes submetidos à CRM, com pelo menos um ano deacompanhamento após a cirurgia. Pacientes submetidos à troca valvar associada foram excluídos da análise.Resultados: Quarenta e cinco (66,2%) pacientes eram do sexo masculino com média de idade de 60,3±9,1 anos. Aprincipal indicação para CRM foi angina instável (62%). Noventa e quatro por cento dos pacientes eram hipertensos, 28% diabéticos, 50% dislipidêmicos e 50% tinham história prévia de infarto agudo do miocárdio. A média da fração de ejeção foi 60±13%. A lesão do troncoda coronária esquerda ocorreu em 29% dos pacientes e o número médio de enxertos foi 2,7±0,75. Após um ano de pós-operatório, 73,0% dos pacientes usavam IECA, 86,6% betabloqueador, 83,0% AAS e 96,6% estatina. No pós-operatório, o controle dos fatores de risco foi obtido nas proporções: PAS<140mmHg (55,9%), PAD<90mmHg (62,7%), glicose<100mg% (41,1%), colesteroltotal<200mg% (70,9%),LDL<100mg% (57,7%) ou LDL<70mg% (28,8%), HDL>45mg% (32,0%) etriglicerídeos<150mg% (47,8%).Conclusão: Os pacientes após um ano de CRM apresentam índices de controle pressórico, glicêmico e lipídico inadequados. O uso das medicações para DAC foi considerado adequado, exceto para o uso de IECA que poderia ser mais utilizada.

Uso de escore de propensão na análise de custo-efetividade com utilização seletiva de stents farmacológicos e não-farmacológicos / Use of propensity score in cost-effectiveness analysisng using drug-eluting and bare metal stents

Introdução: Os estudos sobre a razão de custo-efetividade dos stents farmacológicos (SFs) são escassos. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar os resultados e comparar os custos (razão custo--efetividade incremental – RCEI) por reestenose evitada entre SFs e stents não-farmacológicos (SNFs) utilizando o escore de propensão. Métodos: Incluímos na análise 220 pacientes tratados consecutivamente, dos quais 111 com SFs e 109 com SNFs. O escore de propensão foi usado para ajustar o efeito da intervenção por meio de pareamento, estratificação e ponderação. Resultados: Predominaram pacientes do sexo masculino (67,7% vs. 66,9%; P = 0,53), com média de idade de 65,9 anos. Pacientes tratados com SFs apresentaram maior frequência de diabetes (54% vs. 17,4%; P < 0,001) e doença triarterial (18,9% vs. 10,1%; P = 0,029) e pior função ventricular(54,1% vs. 22%; P < 0,0001). O diâmetro dos stents foi de 2,76 ± 0,35 mm vs. 2,91 ± 0,47 mm (P = 0,006) e a soma do comprimento dos stents foi de 37,6 ± 23 mmvs. 24,8 ± 15,8 mm (P < 0,0001). Reestenose ocorreu em 6,3% vs. 12,8% dos pacientes (P = 0,099) e em 4,1% vs.9,8% das lesões (P = 0,048). Houve incremento de custo de R$ 9.590,00 e a RCEI foi de R$ 147.538,00 por reestenose evitada (acima do limiar da Organização Mundial da Saúde). Entretanto, utilizando o escore de propensão, as variáveis que melhor classificaram os pacientes para SFs e apresentam RCEI máxima de R$ 4.776,96 foram idade > 72 anos, diabetes e lesões com diâmetro < 3,2 mm e comprimento > 18 mm.Conclusões: Apesar de os SFs não terem sido custo-efetivos na população em geral, o escore de propensão demonstrou que em idosos, diabéticos e pacientes com lesões longas ou vasos de fino calibre o uso de SFs foi custo-efetivo.

Perfil epidemiológico na cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica / Epidemiological profile for coronary artery bypass grafting surgery

Fundamentos: A doença arterial coronariana é a principal causa de óbito no mundo e os pacientes submetidos àcirurgia de revascularização miocárdica (CRVM) constituem o grupo de maior risco. Objetivo: Analisar aspectos epidemiológicos na CRVM em hospital especializado em cirurgia cardíaca no Rio de Janeiro, entre agosto 2004 e junho 2009. Método: Estudo retrospectivo, realizado entre agosto2004 e junho 2009, em que se analisou a primeira CRVM em 1.029 pacientes consecutivos maiores de 18 anos.Foram analisados dados do pré-operatório e considerado o tipo de evolução hospitalar (alta versus óbito).Resultados: Média de idade 61,2±10,3 anos e 67,3% do sexo masculino, peso 72,0±13,6kg, altura 1,63±0,09m, índice de massa corporal 26,9±4,3kg/m2 e superfície corporal1,77±0,19m2. Cor da pele por autoclassificação observada: 75,8% brancos, 16,5% pardos e 7,7% pretos, versus a esperada segundo o IBGE 2008): branca=54,3%,parda=33,8%, preta=11,5% e amarela ou indígena=0,3% (p<0,0001). Fatores de risco cardiovascular: hipertensãoarterial sistêmica 88,3%, dislipidemia 66,4%, colesterol sérico 173±50,2mg/dl, história familiar 50,4%, diabetes mellitus 32,9% e tabagismo prévio 56,6%. EuroSCORE4,91±6,81% (quartis 1,40% e 5,26%). A mortalidade observada (8,89%) foi superior à esperada (4,91%)(p<0,0001). Conclusão: Conhecer os fatores de risco permite a prevenção, auxilia a decisão do médico e facilita a alocação de recursos. Houve predomínio inesperado e desproporcionados pacientes de cor da pele branca e elevada prevalência dos fatores de risco cardiovascular, além de mortalidadeacima do esperado neste grupo de pacientes.

Acurácia do relacionamento probabilístico na avaliação da alta complexidade em cardiologia / Accuracy of probabilistic record linkage in the assessment of high-complexity cardiology procedures / Precisión de la relación probabilística en la evaluación de la alta complejidad en cardiología

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a viabilidade de estratégia de relacionamento probabilístico de bases de dados na identificação de óbitos de pacientes submetidos a procedimentos de alta complexidade em cardiologia. MÉTODOS: O custo de processamento foi estimado com base em 1.672 registros de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio, relacionados com todos os registros de óbito no Brasil em 2005. A acurácia do relacionamento baseou-se em linkage probabilístico entre 99 registros de autorização de internação hospitalar de pacientes submetidos a cirurgias cardíacas em instituto de referência em cardiologia, com status vital conhecido, e todos os registros de óbito do estado do Rio de Janeiro em 2005. O linkage foi realizado em quatro etapas: padronização das bases, blocagem, pareamento e classificação dos pares. Utilizou-se a blocagem em cinco passos, com chaves de blocagem com combinação de variáveis como soundex do primeiro e último nome, sexo e ano de nascimento. As variáveis utilizadas no pareamento foram "nome completo", com a utilização da distância de Levenshtein, e "data de nascimento". RESULTADOS: O segundo e o quinto passos de blocagem tiveram os maiores números de pares formados e os maiores tempos de processamento para o pareamento. O quarto passo demandou menor custo de processamento. No estudo de acurácia, após os cinco passos de blocagem, a sensibilidade do linkage foi de 90,6 por cento e a especificidade foi de 100 por cento. CONCLUSÕES: A estratégia de relacionamento probabilístico utilizada apresenta boa acurácia e poderá ser utilizada em estudos sobre a efetividade dos procedimentos de alta complexidade e alto custo em cardiologia.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the viability of a probabilistic record linkage strategy to identify patients who underwent complex cardiology procedures among the total deceased population. METHODS: The processing cost was estimated based on 1,672 records of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting that were compared with all death records in Brazil in 2005. The accuracy of the linkage strategy was based on the probabilistic linkage of 99 hospital admissions records of patients, with known vital status, who underwent cardiac surgery at a single cardiology institute, with the death records of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Southeastern Brazil, in 2005. Linkage was conducted in four stages: standardizing the databases, blocking, matching, and rating peers. Blocking in five steps was used, with blocking keys formed by a combination of variables such as soundex codes for the first and last names, sex, and year of birth. The variables used for matching were "full name" with the use of Levenshtein distance and "birth date". RESULTS: The second and fifth blocking steps resulted in the largest number of formed pairs and the largest processing times for the matching. The fourth step required a lower processing cost. In the accuracy study, after five blocking steps, the sensitivity of the linkage was 90.6 percent, and the specificity was 100 percent. CONCLUSIONS: The probabilistic strategy used has high accuracy and can be used in studies of the effectiveness of high-complexity, high-cost cardiology procedures.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la viabilidad de estrategia de relación probabilística en la identificación de pacientes sometidos a procedimientos de alta complejidad en cardiología. MÉTODOS: El costo de procesamiento fue calculado con base en 1.672 registros de pacientes sometidos a cirugía de revascularización del miocardio, relacionados con todos los registros de óbito en Brasil en 2005. La precisión de la relación se basó en linkage probabilística de 99 registros de autorización de internación hospitalaria de pacientes sometidos a cirugías cardíacas en instituto de referencia en cardiología, con status vital conocido, con todos los registros de óbito del estado de Rio de Janeiro en 2005. El linkage fue realizado en cuatro etapas: estandarización de las bases, blocaje, pareamiento y clasificación de los pares. Se utilizó blocaje en cinco pasos, con claves de blocaje con combinación de variables como soundex del primero y último nombre, sexo y año de nacimiento. Las variables utilizadas en el pareamiento fueron "nombre completo", con la utilización de la distancia de Levenshtein y "fecha de nacimiento". RESULTADOS: El segundo y el quinto pasos de blocaje tuvieron los mayores números de pares formados y los mayores tiempos de procesamiento para el pareamiento. El cuarto paso demandó menor costo de procesamiento. En el estudio de precisión, posterior a cinco pasos de blocaje, la sensibilidad del linkage fue de 90,6 por ciento y la especificidad fue de 100 por ciento. CONCLUSIONES: La estrategia de relación probabilística utilizada presenta buena precisión y podrá ser utilizada en estudios sobre la efectividad de los procedimientos de alta complejidad y alto costo en cardiología.

Accuracy of probabilistic record linkage in the assessment of high-complexity cardiology procedures.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the viability of a probabilistic record linkage strategy to identify patients who underwent complex cardiology procedures among the total deceased population. METHODS: The processing cost was estimated based on 1,672 records of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting that were compared with all death records in Brazil in 2005. The accuracy of the linkage strategy was based on the probabilistic linkage of 99 hospital admissions records of patients, with known vital status, who underwent cardiac surgery at a single cardiology institute, with the death records of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Southeastern Brazil, in 2005. Linkage was conducted in four stages: standardizing the databases, blocking, matching, and rating peers. Blocking in five steps was used, with blocking keys formed by a combination of variables such as Soundex codes for the first and last names, sex, and year of birth. The variables used for matching were "full name" with the use of Levenshtein distance and "birth date". RESULTS: The second and fifth blocking steps resulted in the largest number of formed pairs and the largest processing times for the matching. The fourth step required a lower processing cost. In the accuracy study, after five blocking steps, the sensitivity of the linkage was 90.6%, and the specificity was 100%. CONCLUSIONS: The probabilistic strategy used has high accuracy and can be used in studies of the effectiveness of high-complexity, high-cost cardiology procedures.

Analysis of the cost-effectiveness of drug-eluting and bare-metal stents in coronary disease.

BACKGROUND: There is a scarcity of cost-effectiveness analyses in the national literature comparing drug-eluting stents (DES) with bare-metal stents (BMS), at late follow-up. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) between DES and BMS in uniarterial coronariopathy. METHODS: 217 patients (130 DES and 87 BMS), with 48 months of follow-up (mean = 26 months) were assessed. PRIMARY OUTCOME: cost per prevented restenosis, with effectiveness being defined as the decrease in major events. The analytical model of decision was based on the study by Polanczyk et al. The direct costs were those used directly in the interventions. RESULTS: The sample was homogenous for age and sex. The DES was more used in diabetic patients: 59 (45.4%) vs 16 (18.4%)(p<0.0001) and with a history of coronary artery disease (CAD): 53 (40.7%) vs 13 (14.9%)(p<0.0001). The BMS was more used in simple lesions, but with worse ventricular function. The DES were implanted preferentially in proximal lesions: (p=0.0428) and the BMS in the mid-third (p=0.0001). Event-free survival: DES = 118 (90.8%) vs BMS=74 (85.0%) (p=0.19); Angina: DES=9 (6.9%) vs BMS=9 (10.3%) (NS): Clinical restenosis: DES=3 (2.3%) vs BMS=10 (10.3%) (p=0.0253). Cardiac deaths: 2 (1.5%) in DES and 3 (3.5%) in BMS (NS). COSTS: the tree of decision was modeled based on restenosis. The net benefit for the DES needed an increment of R$7,238.16. The ICER was R$131,647.84 per prevented restenosis (above the WHO threshold). CONCLUSIONS: The DES was used in more complex lesions. The clinical results were similar. The restenosis rate was higher in the BMS group. The DES was a non-cost-effective strategy.

Análise de custo-efetividade dos stents farmacológicos e não farmacológicos na doença coronariana / Analysis of the cost-effectiveness of drug-eluting and bare-metal stents in coronary disease

FUNDAMENTO: Na literatura nacional há escassez de análises de custo-efetividade, comparando stents farmacológicos (SF) versus não farmacológicos (SNF), no seguimento tardio. OBJETIVO: Estimar a Razão de Custo-Efetividade Incremental (RCEI) entre SF e SNF na coronariopatia uniarterial. MÉTODOS: 217 pacientes (130 SF e 87 SNF), com 48 meses de seguimento (média=26). Desfecho primário: custo por re-estenose evitada, sendo efetividade definida como redução de eventos maiores. O modelo analítico de decisão foi baseado no estudo de Polanczyk et al. Os custos diretos foram aqueles utilizados diretamente nas intervenções. RESULTADOS: A amostra foi homogênea para idade e sexo. O SF foi mais utilizado em diabéticos: 59 (45,4 por cento) vs 16 (18,4 por cento)(p<0,0001) e com história de DAC: 53 (40,7 por cento) vs 13 (14,9 por cento)(p<0,0001). O SNF foi utilizado em lesões mais simples, porém com pior função ventricular. Os SF foram implantados preferencialmente nas lesões proximais: (p=0,0428) e os SNF no 1/3 médio (p=0,0001). Sobrevida livre de eventos: SF=118 (90,8 por cento) vs SNF=74 (85,0 por cento) (p=0,19); Angina: SF=9 (6,9 por cento) vs SNF=9 (10,3 por cento) (NS): Reestenose clínica: SF=3 (2,3 por cento) vs SNF=10 (10,3 por cento) (p=0,0253). Óbitos cardíacos: 2 (1,5 por cento) no SF e 3 (3,5 por cento) no SNF (NS). Custos: a árvore de decisão foi modelada na reestenose. O benefício líquido para SF necessitou de incremento de R$7.238,16. A RCEI foi R$131.647,84 por reestenose evitada (acima do limiar da OMS). CONCLUSÕES: O SF abordou lesões mais complexas. Os resultados clínicos foram similares. A reestenose foi maior no SNF. O SF foi uma estratégia não custo-efetiva.

BACKGROUND: There is a scarcity of cost-effectiveness analyses in the national literature comparing drug-eluting stents (DES) with bare-metal stents (BMS), at late follow-up. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) between DES and BMS in uniarterial coronariopathy. METHODS: 217 patients (130 DES and 87 BMS), with 48 months of follow-up (mean = 26 months) were assessed. Primary outcome: cost per prevented restenosis, with effectiveness being defined as the decrease in major events. The analytical model of decision was based on the study by Polanczyk et al. The direct costs were those used directly in the interventions. RESULTS: The sample was homogenous for age and sex. The DES was more used in diabetic patients: 59 (45.4 percent) vs 16 (18.4 percent)(p<0.0001) and with a history of coronary artery disease (CAD): 53 (40.7 percent) vs 13 (14.9 percent)(p<0.0001). The BMS was more used in simple lesions, but with worse ventricular function. The DES were implanted preferentially in proximal lesions: (p=0.0428) and the BMS in the mid-third (p=0.0001). Event-free survival: DES = 118 (90.8 percent) vs BMS=74 (85.0 percent) (p=0.19); Angina: DES=9 (6.9 percent) vs BMS=9 (10.3 percent) (NS): Clinical restenosis: DES=3 (2.3 percent) vs BMS=10 (10.3 percent) (p=0.0253). Cardiac deaths: 2 (1.5 percent) in DES and 3 (3.5 percent) in BMS (NS). Costs: the tree of decision was modeled based on restenosis. The net benefit for the DES needed an increment of R$7,238.16. The ICER was R$131,647.84 per prevented restenosis (above the WHO threshold). CONCLUSIONS: The DES was used in more complex lesions. The clinical results were similar. The restenosis rate was higher in the BMS group. The DES was a non-cost-effective strategy.

Estudo prospectivo não-randomizado e multicêntrico comparando stents farmacológicos com stents convencionais em pacientes multiarteriais / Prospective non-randomized multicenter study comparing pharmacological stents with conventional stents in multi-arterial patients

Fundamentos: A angioplastia em multiarteriais é segura no tratamento das coronariopatias. Objetivo: Comparar stents farmacológicos (SF) e convencionais (SC) em pacientes multiarteriais. Método: Avaliação prospectiva: 109 pacientes, outubro/2002 a setembro/2005: 72 do grupo SF e 37 do grupo SC. Desfechos: óbito, reestenose clínica e a combinação de ambos. Resultados: Seguimento: 24,6 maior ou menor que 9,5 meses. Havia 52 (72,2 por cento) homens no SF e 24 (64,9 por cento) no SC. Idade média: 66,2 maior ou menor que 10,5 (42 a 90) anos.Comorbidades foram mais presentes no SF...

[Critical left ventricular volume in aortic stenosis in first year of life: its importance in patients selection candidates to univentricular surgical correction pos-valvotomy]. / Volume ventricular esquerdo crítico na estenose aórtica no primeiro ano de vida: sua importância na seleção de pacientes candidatos à correção univentricular pós-valvotomia.

OBJECTIVE: Analysis of critical end diastolic left ventricular volume (EDLVV), defined as the lowest acceptable volume to keep cardiac output, in the selection of patients with post-valvotomy aortic stenosis, candidates to univentricular correction. METHODS: A retrospective study in 21 patients with aortic stenosis, during the first year of life, and 232 patients compiled from literature. Values of end diastolic volume (EDLVV), from 20 to 60 ml/m2 were determined as normal. The EDLVV of deceased patients was compared to that from survival patients. A correlation between the age and EDLVV was carried out at the time of valvotomy, between the groups. Finally, the critical EDLVV through the theoretical relationship between the EDLVV and heart rate for different ejection fractions and designated cardiac indexes (CI): 2,000 and 2,500 20-60 ml/min/m2 was determined. RESULTS: For EDLVV values < 20 ml/m2 and > 60 ml/m2, there was statistical significance between deceased and survival patients (p < 0.0001). However, in the range between 20 and 60 ml/m2, that significance was lower (p = 0.0309). A greater incidence of death took place among those who showed it in the first week of life. For a CI of 2,500 ml/min/m2 and a heart rate (HR) of 140 bpm, critical EDLVV will be 26 ml/m2 if left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is 0.70, and 44.5 ml/m2, if LVFE is 0.40. CONCLUSION: The analysis of critical end diastolic left ventricular volume (EDLVV) can add another parameter in the indication of univentricular correction in patients with post-valvotomy aortic stenosis, during the first year of life.